In the past 30 years, China has made almost all of its products smoothly and smoothly. It has won the invincible hand in the world and can feel the power of “Made in China” anywhere in the world.

With the price of sharp weapons, Chinese manufacturing has swept the world in more than a decade, and in recent years, especially in the past five or six years, the status of the “world factory” has been beyond doubt and unable to shake. In the field of equipment manufacturing that symbolizes the country’s strength, China’s manufacturing also continues to surprise the people.

However, since last year, the invincible Chinese edge of price has begun to become blunt. The appreciation of the renminbi, the reduction of export tax rebates, the increase in labor costs, and the increase in raw material prices have caused a number of factors, such as the “Made in China” typical of clothing and footwear for footwear. The cost has increased by about 30%. With the rain leaking overnight, the global recession has come back after more than 20 years in the bid to bid farewell to the world economy. It is inevitable that the “Made in China” highly dependent on external demand will be overcast. In the face of the cost increase of three to four times its own profit rate, how will companies respond?

The upgrading of China's manufacturing industry has been quietly conducted for a long time.

In the area of ​​offshore engineering, deep-sea semi-submersible drilling platforms at Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipyard and Yantai CIMC Raffles Shipyard, deep-sea crane and pipelaying ships at Jiangsu Rongsheng Heavy Industry, and LNG carriers produced at Shanghai Hudong-Zhonghua Shipyard, ZPMC's port machinery and equipment are all world advanced.

In terms of production equipment, China's million-kilowatt ultra-supercritical thermal power generating units, millions of kilowatt-class advanced pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant complete sets of equipment, 1000KV UHV AC power transmission and transformation equipment, ± 800KV DC power transmission complete sets of equipment, etc. It has reached world-class or even leading level.

Jinan No.2 Machine Tool Group Co., Ltd. defeated international machine tool giants such as Germany and Japan in the same-station bid and obtained order contracts for all five large-scale fast intelligent stamping production lines of Ford's two factories in the United States. The world's single largest capacity 800,000-kilowatt hydro-turbine generating unit manufactured by Harbin Electric Power Group has just completed assembly at the Xiangjiaba hydropower station. China Second Heavy Machinery Group is independently designing, manufacturing and installing the world's largest 80,000-ton large-scale die forging press, which will provide a solid foundation for China's development of large aircraft and other projects.

Although China's aviation industry is not as famous as the aerospace field, its progress in recent years is also remarkable. In terms of military products, a series of new weapons and equipment with world-class or even leading-edge level have been launched. In terms of civil aviation, although the gap between Europe and the United States is still large, the progress made in the manufacture of large passenger aircraft is also worthy of recognition.

At present, Chinese companies not only occupy most of the high-end equipment manufacturing industry in China, but also have a growing share in the world market. Australia exports ore to China, and imports China's mining and transportation machinery; the United States has added products such as sanitary chopsticks to Chinese exports, and imported more and more electromechanical products; Norwegian oil companies use deep-sea oil extraction equipment in China.

Enterprises such as Shaanxi Drum, Shanghai Electric, and Shenyang Machine Tool no longer remain in the manufacturing process, but extend to the “smile curve” of design, development, and service. They have crossed the stage of survival and entered the stage of development. Although there is still a distance from the real "Chinese creation," they have already taken their destiny into their own hands.

Made in China, the world's first?

When in-depth analysis of the global manufacturing development pattern, we made such a judgment: At present, the basic pattern of the world's equipment manufacturing industry has not fundamentally changed, and China is still in a position to catch up.

At present, there is no fundamental change in the basic pattern of the world's equipment manufacturing industry. The development of the global equipment manufacturing industry can still be divided into three worlds: the United States, Japan, Germany and other developed countries are the first world, although the economic development of these countries has encountered some difficulties for the time being. , but still hold the development direction of the world's manufacturing industry and the most core technology, is the leader; China, India, Brazil and other countries are the second world, these have a huge manufacturing market, although the rapid development, but from the first The world still has a great distance and is a follower; other countries in the early stages of industrialization are the third world. These countries have neither advanced technology nor a strong industrial base. They are the suppliers of raw materials and energy, and the first and second worlds. The gap gradually widened.

Although sales of China's equipment industry have already ranked first in the world in 2009, manufacturing output values ​​of major developed countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom still account for 70% of the total, which occupies the national economy. Stand out. Especially high-end manufacturing products are still firmly controlled by developed countries.

After years of development, China's equipment manufacturing industry has formed an industrial system with complete categories, large scale, and a certain level of technology, and has become an important pillar industry of the national economy.

In 2010, China’s manufacturing output reached US$1.955 trillion, accounting for 19.8% of global manufacturing output. In contrast, the U.S. manufacturing output value in 2010 was 1.955 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for 19.4% of the total, and China has become a big country in equipment manufacturing.

After the explosive growth of the previous development cycle, the drawbacks of China's equipment manufacturing have gradually emerged: the industry is large and not strong, the ability to innovate is weak, the level of basic manufacturing is backward, the low-level redundant construction is serious, and the promotion and application of innovative products are difficult, and it belongs to extensive growth. .

Although the total amount of China's equipment manufacturing industry is huge, its industrial competitiveness is not strong. At the same time, the global economic crisis has also forced China's equipment manufacturing industry to accelerate its transformation and upgrading.

According to China’s first “China Industry Upgrade Report,” the world today is setting off an upsurge of structural adjustment and technological innovation. This is a new round of competition for the commanding heights of future development and will greatly influence the comparison of national power. If a country is stuck in the middle and low end of the international industrial chain for a long time, it will be difficult to have a place in the future global economic and political map.

Undoubtedly, all countries in the world use technology as the first element of industrial upgrading, and China is no exception. It is undergoing a "critical period" from low-end manufacturing to high-end manufacturing. The report of the 18th National Congress of the People's Republic of China proposes to seize the opportunities of “strategic emerging industries and advanced manufacturing industries”, including energy conservation and environmental protection, a new generation of information technology, biology, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy, new materials, new energy vehicles and other industries. Grasp the opportunity to catch up with the new round of competition.

Only by successfully implementing the strategic goals of transformation and upgrading can the "three worlds" pattern of equipment manufacturing be changed.

The future manufacturing model: Small batches, multiple varieties, high quality, low cost, short research and development period, flexible production, environmentally friendly, service-oriented manufacturing.

With the production of products becoming mass customization, the profit space of products has been increasingly squeezed, and the value-added of services has become more and more important in the manufacturing process, and a new combination of manufacturing and service has gradually emerged. The industry form - service manufacturing.

Service-oriented manufacturing not only provides products to customers, but also includes services based on products, or overall solutions, as well as various services centered on product production.

The “four-end” manufacturing and upstream and downstream manufacturing activities of the manufacturing industry extend to the front end and back end, gradually forming a modern manufacturing service industry.

This will allow manufacturing to move from the low end of the world's manufacturing value chain to the high end.

Upstream and downstream of manufacturing refers to the industries related to manufacturing—“stretching the industrial chain”.

“Stretching the industrial chain” to develop modern manufacturing service industry must crack the confusion of “low-end” tempts to crack down on “low-end” manufacturing in China. It is unimaginable without the extensive participation and cooperation of modern manufacturing service industry.

The success or failure of manufacturing is of great importance to China, and "low-end manufacturing" is also a puzzle that has been difficult to solve. In the past 30 years, China's manufacturing industry has achieved rapid development. Objectively speaking, China is still far away from the manufacturing power. Although China has become a large manufacturing country, it must be pointed out that China’s manufacturing interest distribution in international trade faces serious imbalances. Due to the low economic creativity and low added value of the manufacturing industry, China's manufacturing industry is still in the middle and lower reaches of the world's manufacturing industry chain.

Why does China keep its “low-end manufacturing” region? In fact, according to the curve of profits in the industrial chain, the manufacturing industry has developed to a certain stage, and its profits will inevitably shift to modern manufacturing service industries such as R&D, design, and consulting. The service industry will become a new growth point driving economic development. In particular, the relationship between modern manufacturing service industry and manufacturing industry, which is mainly based on finance, logistics, information, etc., has become increasingly close, and has shown an interactive development trend. In recent years, the share of productive services in the middle of the manufacturing industry in the developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany has continuously increased, and the growth rate of service investment has been significantly faster than that of physical inputs. It can be said that the trend of mutual integration between manufacturing and service industries has become increasingly evident.

The industrial forms of the manufacturing industries in developed countries have undergone changes in three stages. The first stage is that manufacturing companies only provide products. The main focus of traditional manufacturing enterprises is to focus on high-volume production of high-quality products to meet users' demand for durable products; the second stage is for manufacturers to provide products and additional services, such as after-sales service, to provide users with The main function of the product service is to promote the product; the third stage is the manufacturing company to provide "product + service." At this point, products and services are integrated and services have become an important part of the product.

At present, foreign advanced manufacturing companies have shifted to service-oriented manufacturing, and the pace has been accelerating, and has entered the "product + service" service-oriented manufacturing stage. Manufacturing service has become an important force to lead the upgrading of the manufacturing industry and maintain sustainable development. Many well-known multinational conglomerates such as IBM, GE, NIKE, ROLLS-ROYCE, and Michelin tires have all succeeded. Transformation. Its original main business was concentrated in the manufacturing industry, but now it has achieved a transformation from traditional manufacturing to manufacturing services.

Such as the United States GE company, the proportion of total service revenue to total revenue reached more than 60%; IBM company, the proportion of total service revenue in total revenue reached 54.6% in 2005; France Alstom company, service income for fiscal year 2005/2006 accounted for 36.0% of the power generation equipment business; the German industrial giant ThyssenKrupp Group, the proportion of service revenue in the Group's sales revenue has reached 32.3% in 2007.

The German Machinery and Equipment Manufacturers Association (VDMA) conducted five surveys between 1995 and 2004. The results show that in the German machinery and equipment manufacturing enterprises, the proportion of service business income in turnover increased from 13% in 1999 to 20% in 2005; enterprises are paying more and more attention to value-added services, and more than 1/3 Businesses develop services as an independent business; more and more service departments of companies become service companies, and service businesses are increasingly specialized and internationalized.

Related studies also show that in the global industry, the ratio of all manufacturing company service business income to corporate sales revenue is an average of 26%; among all sales, the top 10% of service companies account for the highest proportion of service sales. Indicators are more than 50%. This shows that the transition from production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing is an inevitable trend in the development of manufacturing.

For the ambitious manufacturers, it is far from enough to move from "Made in China" to "Created in China." It is also necessary to redefine its own business, that is, to expand the supply of products, including providing products or relying on products. Program.

Modern manufacturing services can provide intermediate inputs for production or final consumption, support the cyclical structure of manufacturing, reduce variable costs, increase production efficiency, and further increase the competitive advantage of manufacturing.

With the wide penetration of information technology, advanced manufacturing after the integration of informatization and industrialization is not a large consumer of resources, but is centered on advanced manufacturing. High-tech industries provide upstream support, and modern manufacturing services provide downstream support. The improvement of the value chain and the promotion of the smile curve can form a modern industrial system driven by three wheels of advanced manufacturing, modern service and high-tech industries.

General Electric: Capital Services Provide Growth Drivers for Electric Manufacturing In the 1980s, General Electric Corporation had 113 manufacturing plants in 24 countries. Its output value was 85% of the traditional manufacturing output, and its service output value was only 12%. . At present, the output value of General Electric's "Technology + Management + Service" accounted for 70% of the company's total output value.

The root of this transformation is the new service strategy implemented by Welch. The development of GE's capital services company has provided growth drivers for General Electric's industrial sector. General Electric's products range from refrigerators, lights, and aircraft engines all within its scope of production. Capital services companies have a wide range of operations, ranging from credit card services, computer programming to satellite launches. It has been estimated that if the capital service company is to be separated from GE, it will be ranked 20th in the "Fortune 500" with a turnover of $32.7 billion. Capital Services currently owns the world's largest equipment rental company with 900 aircraft (more than any airline), 188,000 trains (more than any railroad company), 759,000 cars, 12,000 trucks, and 11 Satellites, it also owns the third largest insurance company in the United States. The scope of business of the capital service company is still expanding, and it has begun to get involved in the computer service industry and the life insurance industry. This data may not be up-to-date, but it has fully demonstrated the strong scale of development of the GE service industry.

As a subsidiary of General Electric, a capital services company is paying back GE, which is to provide a large number of valuable customers. The Capital Services Company provided a large number of loans to customers of other subsidiaries of General Electric (such as airlines, power companies, and automation equipment companies) to pave the way for the signing of large contracts between these subsidiaries and customers. A representative example is: In 1993, Intercontinental Airlines was on the verge of bankruptcy, and capital services companies provided loans for them to make intercontinental airlines return to life and return to the blue sky. What followed was a flurry of orders to fly to General Electric's subsidiary Aircraft Engines, Intercontinental Airlines, to purchase General Electric's aircraft engines. Analysts said: “This practice of raising chickens and eggs makes capital services companies the most powerful trump card for Jack Welch to beat the competition.”

Rolls-Royce: Manufacturers don't sell products. Rolls-Royce is the world's largest aero-engine manufacturer. As a supplier of aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus, Rolls-Royce does not directly sell engines to them. Instead, it sells them in the form of “rental service hours” and promises to lease each other during the lease period. Inside, assume all maintenance, repairs and services.

Once the engine fails, it is not repaired by the aircraft manufacturer or the airline. Instead, the engine company has a dedicated repair at each large airport. In this way, the engine company is able to strive for excellence in the engine market, and aircraft manufacturers are also "relaxed." It is precisely because of this that low-cost airlines have room for development because they do not need to specifically support a group of engine maintenance teams.

In recent years, Rolls-Royce has expanded service models, expanded services such as engine maintenance, engine leasing, and engine data analysis management, and has bundled users with service contracts to increase service-type revenue. More than 55% of modern jet engines sold by the company have signed service agreements. In the past 18 months, the company’s orders for civil engines accounted for 80% of all service agreements; in 2007, service revenue reached 53.7% of the company’s total revenue.

IBM: A successful transition from a hardware manufacturer to an IT service provider IBM used to be a pure hardware manufacturer. After more than a decade of integration, it has successfully transformed itself into a "holistic solution provider providing hardware, network, and software services." . In 2005, IBM’s service revenue accounted for more than 50% of its revenue, and its profits increased by more than 10% year-on-year.

More than ten years ago, when all IT vendors made PCs, IBM quietly transformed IT services. Today, as more and more IT vendors begin to realize the strategic importance of IT services and strong revenue-generating capabilities, IBM has once again turned around and began to turn into a service productization strategy.

In IBM's global revenue system, about 55% of its revenue comes from IT services. According to the research report of IDC, in 2006, the overall IT service market in China grew by 19.7%. The market size exceeded 95 billion yuan, and it is expected to exceed 200 billion yuan by 2010. In the future, China will surpass Australia to become the largest IT service market in the Asia Pacific region. Faced with such a huge market space, IBM proposed to use the "service productization" approach to innovate IT service strategies. "Service productization", from a product-oriented perspective, IT services will enable them to grasp the market's needs more accurately, increase the speed of responding to the market, and then define the product clearly and define the quality clearly. Improve service quality. At the same time, it is also conducive to IT service providers to achieve scale and expand revenue.