While the global concept of German Industry 4.0 has rapidly become popular, the highly-regarded “Made in China 2025” plan is also coming to fruition. While the country has introduced a series of measures to revitalize the manufacturing industry, a series of problems such as the fact that China's manufacturing industry is large and not strong, and its low added value cannot be evaded.
The reporter recently found that by visiting several small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, under the pressure of shrinking demographic dividends and tightening foreign trade situation, a large number of manufacturing companies are still under the state of overcapacity and are falling into the dilemma of low-profit operations, such as “two "The profit per ton of steel often cannot be replaced by an ice lolly" is becoming a true portrayal of the steel industry. In addition, some medium-sized manufacturing companies are also caught in a kind of “policy isolation” because they do not enjoy the financing treatment of large enterprises and they do not enjoy the preferential treatment for small and micro enterprises.

The reason for the excess production capacity, in addition to policy factors, at the enterprise level is largely due to SMEs blindly chasing industry profits and triggering low-level repeated competition.
The reporter recently visited 10 small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. From the reporter’s point of view, the problems facing the current manufacturing industry in development cannot be ignored.
Overcapacity is still outstanding, and homogeneous competition is intensifying. In this year's government work report, the issue of “insufficient innovation capacity and overcapacity problems” has been mentioned again. Take the iron and steel industry as an example. In the past two years, profits from two tons of steel often cannot be replaced by a popsicle, which is the truest portrayal of overcapacity in the steel industry.
Ren Daoguan, business manager of Zhongshan Bada Machine Manufacturing Co., Ltd., said that due to the low threshold of the manufacturing industry, the industry associations tend to be more business-oriented rather than mandatory, and the problem of fierce competition has always been widespread. “Especially those kinds of manufacturing industries that have made a little investment in profits, the companies are squeezing their heads in and out.”
Some small business executives hope that the state can provide certain financial support and policy guidance in terms of bank financing, technology research and development, and office leasing. Although some relatively mature companies have similar ideas, they are even more hopeful that the country will strengthen macro-level coordination in raising industry barriers and inhibiting "down-price" competition.
Jin Yu Xin Tian Technology Co., Ltd. sheet metal equipment business department Guo Yuxi told reporters "Tucao", as a medium-sized manufacturing company, usually neither enjoy the financing of large enterprises, but also enjoy the entrepreneurial benefits of small and micro enterprises, there is a This kind of "policy isolation".
Experts pointed out that since China has proposed to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market in the process of comprehensively deepening reforms, it should fully trust the market and allow it to play the role of eliminating backward production capacity and reshaping the competitive order. Various departments at all levels should minimize the direct support of forestry general policies, avoid companies relying on "policy soft meals" and allow the market to compete fairly.
In addition, the "escape" of foreign capital also sounded the alarm for the decline in traditional production advantages. Constrained by the rapid rise in labor costs, some foreign manufacturing companies will love the Chinese market, but they will move out of production.
“This is a signal that the traditional manufacturing advantage of Chinese manufacturing is declining.” Zhang Lei, director of marketing for Han's laser sheet metal equipment division, said that at present, the relocation of a few foreign-invested manufacturing industries has not directly affected its production and operation, but local companies should Awareness. The profit of China's manufacturing industry can no longer depend on cheap labor resources. It is the most reliable long-term plan to find out the road from cultivate competitiveness.
Some responsible persons believe that the relocation of a small number of foreign-funded enterprises may have a certain impact on the domestic supporting enterprises, but the impact on the macro-economy is limited. After all, most of these enterprises' relocations are only production bases. According to Zhu Sendi, a special advisor of the China Federation of Machinery Industry, the most foreign investment is China's market. As technological factors become more and more important, the impact of labor costs on profits will be less obvious, and foreign investment in the future will still have a good profit prospect in China.
During the visit, most business owners have reported that although the export situation has improved compared to 2008, it has still declined to varying degrees compared to the peak period, and overseas market demand has been weak, and there has been no clear sign of improvement in the short term. Although companies are aware of the importance of expanding domestic markets, they are facing fierce competition brought about by new rounds of domestic demand.
The outlook for foreign trade is not optimistic and the export situation is complex and changeable. Located in the Tianjin Airport Economic Zone, Tianjin Boruit Tourist & Tourist Train Co., Ltd. is currently the largest manufacturer of tourist and sightseeing trains in China. Although it is the largest in the industry, it can only be considered as a small and medium-sized enterprise in the entire manufacturing industry.
When the reporter arrived at the factory site, I saw a few blue and white sightseeing train carriages being loaded into containers and ready for sale to Italy. “We all take orders and products meet the EU emission standards.” Chief Engineer Fan Zhigang told reporters when he visited the workshop, said that Barrett used to produce electric cars, but the electric car market is fiercely competitive. After focusing on the industry of sightseeing trains, profits have become more stable. The key is to open up outlets in the export market.
Although orders are mainly based on orders, the days of the furniture maker Makimei are not so good. According to Gu Shaojun, general manager of the manufacturing base of Meike International Furniture (Tianjin) Manufacturing Co., Ltd., the decline in export competitiveness due to exchange rate changes since last year has become a reality. “According to the exchange rate, Meike Furniture began to increase the proportion of domestic sales, basically stopped making OEM branding for foreign brands.” He said that in the past few years, the company’s export ratio was more than 90%, and now it has dropped to about 60%. Although the state has introduced a series of policies on export tax rebates and exemptions from quarantine fees, these have helped to reduce the exchange rate changes and shrinking overseas markets.
In addition, the manufacturing industry still faces the shortage of grass-roots production jobs, and the structural “work shortage” has become increasingly tense. Every year after the year, eastern coastal manufacturing companies will generally face "labor shortage." The reporter learned from the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of the Tianjin Binhai New Area that as a traditional manufacturing gathering place, the Binhai New Area manufacturing industry is expected to have a labor shortage of 68,200 this year. Among them, the electronic information, new energy, and automotive industries rank the top three in demand for labor. Great Wall Motors, Sanmei Electric, Lizhong Wheels, and Huatai Motors have a large demand for labor. Only Great Wall Motor’s labor demand is as high as 3,550.
“Instead of retaining workers through various verbal promises, it is better to improve their skills and benefits.” said Zhang Lei, chief marketing officer of Han's laser sheet metal equipment division. This division mainly produces laser cutting, among more than 700 employees. More than half of them are skilled in related skills. It is precisely because employees have grown up with the company and the income has grown in an orderly manner. Old-age care and medical care have been guaranteed, so the employment structure of the company has gradually stabilized.
According to Li Changsheng, deputy general manager of Tianjin No.1 Machine Tool Plant subsidiary, the current "labor shortage" is more a structural issue. Workers in production operations have concentrated on short-term outbreaks, but they can still be solved through various channels. The most difficult to recruit is a certain skilled worker and mature marketing staff. Therefore, this enterprise has already cooperated with local vocational colleges to carry out targeted training of “order-type talents”.
Some enterprises report that one of the fundamental causes of the "labor shortage" is that the migrant workers' sense of belonging is not strong, and this is caused by issues such as household registration and housing, which directly lead migrant workers to have a "migrating" mentality. , where good treatment will flow where. Tang Xiguang, a professor at Shandong University, believes that with the development of multiple points and settlements, the protection of the housing system will be increasingly perfected. In the future, the “labor shortage” will require local governments and enterprises to establish a sound and standardized labor security system and focus on training skilled workers.
Some enterprises have a certain fear of transformation and upgrading, and are reluctant to abandon traditional manufacturing that is still profitable. Experts believe that these need the relevant departments to act and provide confidence and institutional guarantees for the transformation of enterprises.
Guo Yuxi told reporters that in the past, the profit model of manufacturing industries that used income minus costs was changing. The original model was not conducive to stimulating technological upgrading, and it was also prone to causing low-level redundant construction. “Our main profit point now is to provide a complete solution for pre-sales booking, sales support and after-sales service, which is exactly the profit model of foreign manufacturing companies.”
Daegu Town, Jinghai County, Tianjin is the largest welded pipe processing base in China. It once relied on the steel processing industry to allow farmers to lead a prosperous life. Reporters learned from local interviews that as the steel industry has fallen into the “cold winter” in recent years, most companies still “fight resources and high consumption” and operate at low profit. The backwardness of process equipment and the low grade of products have affected the profitability of the company.
“Initiative transformation and upgrading may cause short-term economic data in the town to come down. However, in the long run, the transition is imperative and cannot be hesitated.” Kong Fengming, the mayor of Daegu Zhuang Town, said that the town of Daegu has been painstakingly conceived and 398 of the entire town. The classification reform of traditional steel manufacturing enterprises promotes technological transformation, R&D and expansion of enterprises such as pipe deep processing and metal products, in order to achieve transformation and upgrading, and to eliminate, shut down, and shut down 43 companies with poor long-term operation, high pollution, and high energy consumption. Relocation processing.
The lack of core technology has caused awkwardness in manufacturing, and most companies have a deep understanding. Han Lei, director of marketing of Han's laser sheet metal equipment division, said that the fiber laser cutting machine, the main product of the division, was developed after being introduced from abroad in 2009. Since the domestic lighting technology is still not mature and the power is generally low, the core components are still used. Need to be imported from abroad.
Huang Qunhui, director of the Institute of Industrial Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, cautioned that artificial intelligence and digital manufacturing are being widely promoted around the world, which may gradually weaken the original advantages of China's manufacturing industry. At present, the major developed countries have put forward the "reindustrialization" strategy. We must realize that this is not a duplication and return of the traditional industrialization path. Instead, it seeks new technical innovation support points, accelerates the research and development of advanced manufacturing technologies, and drives the development of the manufacturing industry.
Experts such as Wang Xianming, Secretary General of the Strategic Alliance for Intelligent Manufacturing Industry Innovation in Binhai New Area, suggested that in the robotics industry, China should focus on control device technology, and on the basis of general-purpose products, in accordance with domestic robot design requirements, make it more specialized and practical. Change. The state may establish special funds for the development of the first (set) technical equipment, with a focus on supporting the robot manufacturing enterprises to accelerate the industrialization process.

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