What is the insulation resistance test?

An electrical system is like a pipe system. The voltage is like a liquid pressure. The current is like the flow rate of a liquid, and the electrical insulation is like a wall. Insulation prevents leakage of electrons from the conductor - the size of the effect is represented by the insulation resistance. An effective insulation resistance system has a high resistance value and is usually larger than a few megohms (MΩ). Poor insulation systems have lower insulation resistance.

To find leaks in the piping system, you need to pressurize it. Since leakage is most easily detected when the water pressure is highest, you cannot close tap water to check for leaks. However, you will limit the tap water that is available so that you will not be able to spray too much water around when you find a large leak. The ideal test is to provide a limited amount of water under high (but not particularly high) pressure. This is exactly what the electrical insulation tester does.

The insulation tester (Megohmmeter) applies a DC voltage to the insulation system and measures the resulting current. In this way it is possible to calculate and display the resistance value of the insulation (the extent to which the insulation confines the current in the wire, or the extent to which current is prevented from leaking).

Insulation testers (Megohmmeters) typically output test voltages of 50 V, 100 V, 250 V, 500 V, or 1000 V. Just as in a pipeline system, the purpose is to provide a pressure (voltage) that is not particularly high. We hope to find the existing leaks, but we do not want to create new leaks by overstressing the system. Lower voltages are used in low-voltage systems such as telephones, networks, or control lines; higher pressures are used to test power system insulation.

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